What many people don't understand is the term "special needs" isn't always appropriate for people with disabilities, & in fact, can be offensive.
The term "special needs" or "special" trivializes the person's achievements or the person themselves. Even the Special Olympics is very prescriptive in their language guidance to avoid labeling the person or athlete as "special," but an athlete who participates in the event called "Special Olympics."I have a friend who has a brother with Down Syndrome, he participated int he Special Olympics and could out swim most of his high-school swim team. Anytime someone heard "special," they assumed that he couldn't really swim and didn't want him to be on the "normal" swim team because he might "hold up" the others - they would even act incredibly surprised when he could swim well. Jackasses. Swimming isn't his disability, so why does it shock people that he can swim well?
There is a lot more to that than the terminology (but the terminology plays a big role). It's also not a denial of the person's disability, but only talking about the disability where it is appropriate. My friend's brother for instance (the great swimmer), may have difficulty understanding how to apply for a State ID or how credit cards work, due to his disability, but it doesn't affect his ability to swim. Therefore, instead of describing the entire person in a certain way, only mentioning it when it is relevant and needed. This would also give you a better idea of how to interact with him. Saying someone has "special needs" doesn't really tell you anything about that person - I've seen this all the time at work. Staff on a disaster will send our Disabilities Coordinator information about someone who is applying for assistance, and when the Disabilities Coordinator asks what the need is, the staff responds, "he has special needs." Well, no shit, that means next to nothing to the Disabilities Coordinator, and she can do nothing with that information. Does the person need accommodations in order to communicate? Do they simply need to take medication that were lost because of the disaster? Does the person need accessible transportation? Do they need a lift equipped vehicle for their wheelchair?
It's all about not trivializing or promoting negative stereotypes - or not giving someone an opportunity because you have negative assumptions about their abilities. Similar to the point about not using terminology like "wheelchair bound" - it creates all types of negative assumptions, like the assumption that anyone using a wheelchair cannot stand up or walk at all. There was this terrible meme (that I refuse to repost) that went around on social media a few years ago that had a picture of a woman in a wheelchair standing up to reach a bottle of alcohol on a store shelf. The meme read something along the lines of "there has been a miracle in the alcohol aisle." This was so upsetting & offensive, there was this assumption that she must be faking her disability if she can stand up (not taking into account that the woman may have difficulty walking for long periods or balance in general) & that people with disabilities should not drink alcohol for whatever reason (which is offensive on another level - but that's for a different rant). Would it have been as "funny" if she was standing up to reach for apples or water? & who is this jackass who is taking pictures of people to shame them, instead of offering them assistance?
There are so many people with hidden disabilities who, understanding the barriers that negative attitudes really do put in front of people, are hesitant to tell bosses, friends, or family about their disabilities for fear it will limit their opportunities or the way people think about them. People with visible disabilities don't have that option.
The best term to use is "a person with disabilities," or to be more specific: a person who is blind, a girl who is deaf, someone who needs oxygen, a man who is autistic. Make sure you list them as a person first, instead of saying "disabled person." We are always a person before anything else, disability or not.
With that being said, you still see the term "special needs" being used, although not as frequently as it has been used in the past. It's important to be aware of how some people, and many people who have disabilities themselves, see the terminology and something to think about in the future.
Go forth & make friends with someone who has a disability; don't be afraid to use the term "disability" or even talk to them about their disabilities; don't pet service dogs, but feel free to (kindly) ask the person what service the dog provides; & above all else, don't be a jackass.
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